# Alexander the Great > Life and journey of Alexander the Great Canonical URL: https://aristotree.com/darko/alexander-the-great Language: en Creator: darko Last modified: 2026-08-23T20:00:46.791Z Concepts: 104 Relationships: 139 This is a public, user-curated knowledge graph. Follow the cited sources when verifying claims. ## Concepts ### Stateira (wife of Darius III) Stateira was a queen of Persia as the wife of Darius III of Persia of the Achaemenid dynasty. Topics: instance of: human, cause of death: puerperal disorders Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateira_(wife_of_Darius_III) ### Artabazos II Artabazos II was a Persian general and satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: governor Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artabazos_II ### Argead dynasty The Argead dynasty, also known as the Temenid dynasty was an ancient Macedonian royal house of Dorian Greek provenance. Topics: instance of: dynasty, founder: Caranus of Macedon Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argead_dynasty ### Serapis Serapis or Sarapis is a Graeco-Egyptian god. Topics: instance of: Ancient Egyptian deity, instance of: Greek deity, part of: Egyptian mythology Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapis ### Plato Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher of Classical Athens who is most commonly considered the foundational thinker of the Western philosophical tradition. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: philosopher, occupation: epigrammatist, genre: Platonic dialogue Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato ### Trojan War The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology that took place around the thirteenth or early twelfth century BC. Topics: instance of: mythical war, instance of: military operation, part of: Greek mythology, named after: Troy Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War ### Siege of the Sogdian Rock The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress located north of Bactria in Sogdiana, ruled by Arimazes, was captured by the forces of Alexander the Great in the early spring of 327 BC as part of his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire. Topics: instance of: siege, part of: Wars of Alexander the Great Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_the_Sogdian_Rock ### Lanike Lanike or Lanice pronounced, also called Hellanike or Alacrinis, daughter of Dropidas, who was son of Critias, was the sister of Cleitus the Black, and the nurse of Alexander the Great. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: wet nurse, occupation: nurse Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanike ### Samarkand Samarkand is a major city located in southeastern Uzbekistan and is among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia. Topics: instance of: big city, instance of: administrative territorial entity, country: Uzbekistan, country: Soviet Union Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarkand ### Cleitus the Black Cleitus the Black was an officer of the Macedonian army led by Alexander the Great. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleitus_the_Black ### Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy I Soter was a Macedonian Greek general, historian, and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the Ptolemaic Kingdom centered in Egypt. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: sovereign, occupation: historian Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter ### Lighthouse of Alexandria The Lighthouse of Alexandria, sometimes called the Pharos of Alexandria, was a lighthouse built by the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. Topics: instance of: lighthouse, instance of: destroyed building or structure, part of: Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, country: Egypt, named after: Pharos Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria ### Library of Alexandria The Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world. Topics: instance of: research library, instance of: library, part of: Musaeum, country: Ptolemaic Kingdom, country: Roman Empire Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria ### Ptolemaic dynasty The Ptolemaic dynasty, also known as the Lagid dynasty, was a Hellenistic Macedonian Greek royal house which ruled from Alexandria the Ptolemaic Kingdom based in Egypt. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty ### Styx In Greek mythology, Styx, also called the River Styx, is a goddess and one of the rivers of the Greek Underworld. Topics: instance of: Potamoi, instance of: Oceanids Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx ### Hector In Greek mythology, Hector was a Trojan prince, a hero, and the greatest warrior for Troy during the Trojan War. Topics: instance of: mythological Greek character Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector ### Briseis Briseis, also known as Hippodameia, is a significant character in the Iliad. Topics: instance of: mythological Greek character Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briseis ### Achilles' heel An Achilles' heel is a weakness despite overall strength, which can lead to downfall. Topics: instance of: mythical entity, instance of: heel, part of: Achilles, named after: Achilles Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles'_heel ### Peleus In Greek mythology, Peleus was a hero, king of Phthia, husband of Thetis and the father of their son Achilles. Topics: instance of: mythological Greek character, occupation: politician Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peleus ### Thetis Thetis is a figure from Greek mythology with varying mythological roles. Topics: instance of: mythological Greek character, part of: Nereids Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetis ### Iliad The Iliad is one of two major surviving ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. Topics: instance of: literary work, instance of: oral poetry, genre: epic poem, part of: Homeric epics, has part(s): Book I, has part(s): Book II Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad ### Achilles In Greek mythology, Achilles or Achilleus was a hero of the Trojan War who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles ### Phrygia In classical antiquity, Phrygia was a kingdom in the west-central part of Anatolia, in what is now Asian Turkey, centered on the Sangarios River. Topics: instance of: kingdom, instance of: area, country: Turkey Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygia ### Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in 338 BC, near the city of Chaeronea in Boeotia, between Macedonia under Philip II and an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens and Thebes. Topics: instance of: battle, part of: Fourth Sacred War, country: Greece Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC) ### Susa weddings The Susa weddings were arranged by Alexander the Great in 324 BCE, shortly after he conquered the Achaemenid Empire. Topics: instance of: collective wedding, country: Macedonian Empire Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_weddings ### Caravanserai A caravanserai was an inn that provided lodging for travelers, merchants, and caravans. Topics: subclass of: hostel, subclass of: halting site Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserai ### Anatolia Anatolia, also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. Topics: instance of: peninsula, country: Turkey, country: Ottoman Empire Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia ### Sarissa The sarissa or sarisa was a long spear or pike about 5 to 7 meters in length. Topics: instance of: weapon family, subclass of: spear, country of origin: Macedonia Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarissa ### Midas Midas was a king of Phrygia with whom many myths became associated, as well as two later members of the Phrygian royal house. Topics: instance of: mythological Greek character, occupation: ruler, cause of death: poisoning Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midas ### Tumulus A tumulus is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Topics: instance of: historiographical concept, subclass of: burial mound, subclass of: funerary structure, has part(s): megalith Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus ### Arrian Arrian, also known as Arrian of Nicomedia, was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander, and philosopher of the Roman period. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: historian, occupation: politician Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrian ### Roman Egypt During the era of the Roman Empire, most of modern-day Egypt, except for the Sinai, was ruled as the imperial province of Aegyptus, from the time it was conquered by Roman forces in 30 BC, to AD 642. Topics: instance of: Roman province, country: Ancient Rome, country: Byzantine Empire Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt ### Wars of the Diadochi The Wars of the Diadochi or Wars of Alexander's Successors were a series of conflicts fought between the generals of Alexander the Great, known as the Diadochi, over who would rule his empire following his death. Topics: instance of: war of succession, has part(s): First War of the Diadochi, has part(s): Second War of the Diadochi, named after: Diadochi Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi ### Oxyartes Oxyartes was a Sogdian or Bactrian nobleman and local ruler of Bactria. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: governor Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyartes ### Bactria Bactria, or Bactriana, was an ancient Iranian civilization in Central Asia, located in the area south of the Oxus River and north of the Hindu Kush mountains, within modern-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Topics: instance of: region, instance of: historical region, country: Afghanistan, country: Tajikistan Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria ### Sogdia Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilisation located between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya rivers, in what is now Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. Topics: instance of: region, part of: Western Regions Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdia ### Roxana Roxana sometimes known as Roxanne, Roxanna and Roxane, was a Bactrian or Sogdian princess who married Alexander the Great after he invaded Persia and defeated Darius, ruler of the Achaemenid Empire. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: consort Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxana ### Hephaestion Hephaestion, son of Amyntor, was an ancient Macedonian nobleman of probable "Attic or Ionian extraction" and a general in the army of Alexander the Great. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: military officer, occupation: somatophylakes Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestion ### Battle of Issus The Battle of Issus occurred in southern Anatolia, on 5 November 333 BC between the Hellenic League led by Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Empire, led by Darius III. Topics: instance of: battle, part of: Wars of Alexander the Great, country: Turkey Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Issus ### Craterus Craterus, also spelled Krateros, was a Macedonian general under Alexander the Great and one of the Diadochi. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: military personnel, occupation: military leader Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craterus ### Greek hero cult Hero cults were one of the most distinctive features of ancient Greek religion. Topics: instance of: hero cult, instance of: ritual, part of: Ancient Greek religion Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_hero_cult ### Drypetis Drypetis was the daughter of Stateira I and Darius III of Persia. Topics: instance of: human Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drypetis ### Ecbatana Ecbatana was an ancient city, the capital of the Median kingdom, and the first capital in Iranian history. Topics: instance of: archaeological site, instance of: ancient city, country: Iran Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecbatana ### Chiliarch Chiliarch is a military rank dating back to antiquity. Topics: instance of: military rank Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiliarch ### Somatophylakes Somatophylakes were the bodyguards of high-ranking people in ancient Greece. Topics: instance of: position, instance of: profession Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatophylakes ### Patroclus Patroclus was a Greek hero of the Trojan War and close companion of the hero Achilles in Greek mythology. Topics: instance of: mythological Greek character Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroclus ### Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Empire was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC. Topics: instance of: historical country, instance of: historical period, part of: Achaemenid Period, part of: Medo-Persia, has part(s): Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient), country: Medo-Persia Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire ### Cyrus the Younger Cyrus the Younger, rarely called Cyrus III, was an Achaemenid prince and general. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: military officer Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger ### Assyria Assyria was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization that existed from the 21st to 7th centuries BC which conquered and administered most of West Asia from the Assyrian heartland in Upper Mesopotamia. Topics: instance of: historical country, instance of: empire Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria ### Chapar Khaneh A Chapar Khaneh was a postal service station in the Achaemenid Empire. Topics: instance of: postal service, subclass of: building, subclass of: post station, part of: Royal Road, country: Achaemenid Empire Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapar_Khaneh ### Herodotus Herodotus was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, under Persian control in the 5th century BC, and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: historian, occupation: writer Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus ### Darius the Great Darius I, commonly known as Darius the Great, was the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: statesperson, occupation: military leader Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great ### Susa Susa was an ancient city in the lower Zagros Mountains about 250 km (160 mi) east of the Tigris, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers in Iran. Topics: instance of: ancient city, instance of: archaeological site, country: Iran, country: Elam Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa ### Sardis Sardis or Sardes was an ancient city best known as the capital of the Lydian Empire. Topics: instance of: locality, instance of: archaeological site, part of: Sardis and the Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe, country: Turkey, country: Lydia Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis ### Royal Road The Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt for trade in the 5th century BCE by the Achaemenid Empire. Topics: instance of: road, instance of: highway system, has part(s): station, has part(s): caravanserai, country: Achaemenid Empire, founder: Darius I Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Road ### Gordias Gordias was the name of at least two members of the royal house of Phrygia. Topics: instance of: mythological Greek character Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordias ### Gordion Gordion was the capital city of ancient Phrygia. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordion ### Diadochi The Diadochi were the rival generals, families, and friends of Alexander the Great who fought for control over his empire after his death in 323 BC. Topics: instance of: group of humans Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadochi ### Parmenion Parmenion was a Macedonian general in the service of Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: politician, occupation: military personnel Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenion ### Callisthenes Callisthenes of Olynthus was a Greek historian in Macedon with connections to both Aristotle and Alexander the Great. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: historian, occupation: writer Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisthenes ### Siwa Oasis The Siwa Oasis is an urban oasis in Egypt. Topics: instance of: oasis, instance of: depression, country: Egypt Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis ### Gordian Knot The cutting of the Gordian Knot is an Ancient Greek legend associated with Alexander the Great in Gordium in Phrygia, regarding a complex knot that tied an oxcart. Topics: instance of: knot, instance of: redewendung, part of: Greek mythology, named after: Gordias Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_Knot ### Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon, most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from 336 BC until his death. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great ### Scythed chariot The scythed chariot was a war chariot with scythe blades mounted on each side. Topics: instance of: weapon type, subclass of: chariot Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythed_chariot ### Companion cavalry The Companions were the elite heavy cavalry of the Macedonian army from the time of King Philip II of Macedon, achieving their greatest prestige under Alexander the Great, and regarded as the first or among the first shock cavalry used in Europe. Topics: instance of: horse cavalry unit, subclass of: cavalry, country: Macedonia Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_cavalry ### Macedonian phalanx The Macedonian phalanx was an infantry formation developed by Philip II from the classical Greek hoplite phalanx, of which the main innovation was the use of the sarissa, a 6-metre pike. Topics: instance of: military unit, part of: Ancient Macedonian army, country: Macedonia Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx ### Battle of Gaugamela The Battle of Gaugamela, also called the Battle of Arbela, took place in 331 BC between the forces of the Army of Macedon under Alexander the Great and the Persian Army under King Darius III. Topics: instance of: battle, part of: Wars of Alexander the Great, country: Achaemenid Empire, country: Iraq Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela ### Persepolis Persepolis was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire. Topics: instance of: ancient city, instance of: archaeological site, has part(s): Tachara, has part(s): Gate of All Nations, country: Iran, country: Achaemenid Empire Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepolis ### Mazaeus Mazaeus or Mazday was an Achaemenid Persian noble, satrap of Cilicia and later satrap of Babylon for the Achaemenid Empire. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: governor Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazaeus ### Battle of the Granicus The Battle of the Granicus in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great of Macedon and the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Topics: instance of: battle, part of: Wars of Alexander the Great, country: Achaemenid Empire, country: Turkey Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus ### Bessus Bessus or Bessos, also known by his regnal name Artaxerxes V, was a Persian satrap of the eastern Achaemenid satrapy of Bactria, as well as the self-proclaimed King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 330 to 329 BC. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: politician, cause of death: decapitation Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessus ### Darius III Darius III was the thirteenth and last Achaemenid King of Kings of Persia, reigning from 336 BC to his death in 330 BC. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: monarch Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III ### Theophrastus Theophrastus was an ancient Greek philosopher and naturalist. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: botanist, occupation: physicist Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastus ### Poetics (Aristotle) Aristotle's Poetics is the earliest surviving work of Greek dramatic theory and the first extant philosophical treatise to solely focus on literary theory. Topics: instance of: written work, genre: treatise Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle) ### Politics (Aristotle) Politics is a work of political philosophy by Aristotle, a 4th-century BC Greek philosopher. Topics: instance of: literary work, genre: treatise Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle) ### Metaphysics (Aristotle) Metaphysics is one of the principal works of Aristotle, in which he develops the doctrine that he calls First Philosophy. Topics: instance of: written work, genre: treatise, has part(s): Book 1 of Metaphysics, has part(s): Book 2 of Metaphysics Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle) ### Organon The Organon is the standard collection of Aristotle's six works on logical analysis and dialectic. Topics: instance of: written work, has part(s): Categories, has part(s): De Interpretatione Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organon ### Nicomachean Ethics The Nicomachean Ethics is Aristotle's best-known work on ethics: the science of the good for human life, that which is the goal or end at which all our actions aim. Topics: instance of: text, instance of: literary work, genre: treatise, named after: Nicomachus Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics ### Lyceum (classical) The Lyceum was a temple in Athens dedicated to Apollo Lyceus. Topics: instance of: gymnasium, instance of: archaeological site, country: Greece, founder: Aristotle, named after: Lyceus Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_(classical) ### Aristotle Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: philosopher, occupation: biologist, cause of death: intestinal disease Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle ### Eratosthenes Eratosthenes of Cyrene was an Ancient Greek polymath: a philosopher, scholar, mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: mathematician, occupation: astronomer Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes ### Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and the last active Hellenistic pharaoh. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: sovereign, occupation: monarch, cause of death: poisoning Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra ### Cleopatra of Macedon Cleopatra of Macedonia, or Cleopatra of Epirus was an ancient Macedonian princess and later queen regent of Epirus. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: politician, occupation: queen regnant Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_of_Macedon ### Neoptolemus I of Epirus Neoptolemus I of Epirus was a Greek king of Epirus and son of Alcetas I, and father of Troas, Alexander I of Epirus and Queen Olympias. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: military leader Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoptolemus_I_of_Epirus ### Thessaly Thessaly is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Topics: instance of: region, instance of: historical region, country: Greece Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly ### Plutarch Plutarch was a Greek and later Roman Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: essayist, occupation: priest, genre: biography Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch ### Battle of the Hydaspes The Battle of the Hydaspes also known as Battle of Jhelum, or First Battle of Jhelum, was fought between the Macedonian Empire under Alexander the Great and the Pauravas under Porus in May of 326 BC. Topics: instance of: battle, part of: Indian campaign of Alexander the Great Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes ### Boukephala and Nikaia Boukephala and Nikaia (Νίκαια) were two cities founded by Alexander the Great on either side of the Hydaspes during his invasion of the Indian subcontinent. Topics: instance of: ancient city, country: Seleucid Empire, founder: Alexander the Great, named after: Bucephalus, named after: Alexander the Great Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boukephala_and_Nikaia ### Bucephalus Bucephalus or Bucephalas, was the horse of Alexander the Great, and one of the most famous horses of classical antiquity. Topics: instance of: individual animal, instance of: horse Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucephalus ### Alexandria Alexandria is a major city in Egypt. Topics: instance of: port city, instance of: municipality, part of: Lower Egypt, country: Egypt, country: Roman Empire, named after: Alexander the Great Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria ### Alexander IV of Macedon Alexander IV, sometimes called Aegus, was the younger son of Alexander the Great by his wife Roxana of Bactria, born after his father's death. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: sovereign, cause of death: poison Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon ### Snake worship Ophiolatry refers to veneration and religious devotion to serpent deities, a tradition documented in many religions and mythologies worldwide. Topics: instance of: cult, subclass of: animal worship Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_worship ### Ancient Pydna Pydna was an ancient Greek city in what is now the regional unit of Pieria, Central Macedonia, Greece. Topics: instance of: archaeological site, instance of: polis, country: Greece Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Pydna ### Cassander Cassander was king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 305 BC until 297 BC, and de facto ruler of southern Greece from 317 BC until his death. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: regent, cause of death: edema Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassander ### Alexander I of Epirus Alexander I of Epirus, also known as Alexander the Molossian, was a king of Epirus (343/2–331 BC) of the Aeacid dynasty. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: military personnel Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Epirus ### Olympias Olympias was an ancient Greek princess of the Molossians, the eldest daughter of King Neoptolemus I of Epirus, and the sister of Alexander I of Epirus. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: politician, cause of death: stoning Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympias ### Pausanias of Orestis Pausanias of Orestis was a member of Philip II of Macedon's personal bodyguard (somatophylakes). Topics: instance of: human, occupation: military personnel, occupation: somatophylakes Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_of_Orestis ### Amyntas III of Macedon Amyntas III was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 393/2 to 388/7 BC and again from 387/6 to 370 BC. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: politician Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyntas_III_of_Macedon ### Demosthenes Demosthenes was a Greek statesman and orator in ancient Athens. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: politician, occupation: diplomat, cause of death: poison Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosthenes ### Pella Pella was the capital of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from the 4th century BC up until the Roman conquest in 168 BC. Topics: instance of: ancient city, instance of: archaeological site, country: Greece, country: Macedonia Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pella ### Third Sacred War The Third Sacred War was fought between the forces of the Delphic and Amphictyonic Leagues, principally represented by Thebes, and latterly by Philip II of Macedon, and the Phocians. Topics: instance of: war, part of: Sacred Wars Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Sacred_War ### League of Corinth The League of Corinth, also referred to as the Hellenic League, was a federation of Greek states created by Philip II of Macedon in 338–337 BC. Topics: instance of: koinon, instance of: historical country Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Corinth ### Philip II of Macedon Philip II of Macedon was the king (basileus) of Macedon from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: monarch Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon ### Hellenistic period In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Greek, Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern history following Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BC, in which all these regions were under the influence of Greek leadership, culture, and language as a result of Alexander's conquests. Topics: instance of: historical period, instance of: culture, subclass of: classical antiquity, part of: Ancient Greece, part of: history of the Mediterranean region, has part(s): history of Ptolemaic Egypt Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period ## Relationships - Achilles — related_to → Alexander the Great: Alexander the Great's emulation of Achilles - Cleitus the Black — related_to → Lanike: sister of Cleitus the Black - Cleitus the Black — related_to → Samarkand: site of the fatal confrontation with Alexander - Cleitus the Black — related_to → Bactria: appointed as satrap of this region - Cleitus the Black — related_to → Companion cavalry: commanded a squadron of this elite unit - Cleitus the Black — related_to → Battle of the Granicus: saved Alexander the Great's life during the battle - Cleitus the Black — related_to → Sogdia: location of the banquet where Cleitus was killed - Cleitus the Black — related_to → Alexander the Great: served as a high-ranking officer under his command - Ptolemy I Soter — related_to → Alexander the Great: Ptolemy I Soter as a successor and companion of Alexander the Great - Ptolemaic dynasty — related_to → Lighthouse of Alexandria: Iconic architectural project of the dynasty - Ptolemaic dynasty — related_to → Serapis: Syncretic deity promoted by the Ptolemies - Ptolemaic dynasty — related_to → Library of Alexandria: Cultural achievement under the Ptolemies - Ptolemaic dynasty — related_to → Ptolemy I Soter: Founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty - Ptolemaic dynasty — related_to → Cleopatra: Final monarch of the Ptolemaic dynasty - Ptolemaic dynasty — related_to → Hellenistic period: Historical context of the dynasty - Ptolemaic dynasty — related_to → Alexandria: Capital city of the Ptolemaic Kingdom - Ptolemaic dynasty — related_to → Wars of the Diadochi: Conflict leading to the dynasty's formation - Ptolemaic dynasty — related_to → Roman Egypt: Successor state to the Ptolemaic Kingdom - Ptolemaic dynasty — related_to → Alexander the Great: Precursor to the dynasty's establishment - Achilles — related_to → Styx: the site of the ritual for Achilles' invulnerability - Achilles — related_to → Hector: the primary antagonist and slayer of Patroclus - Achilles — related_to → Briseis: the captive woman whose seizure triggered the wrath of Achilles - Achilles — related_to → Achilles' heel: the fatal vulnerability of the hero - Achilles — related_to → Trojan War: the central conflict defining the life of Achilles - Achilles — related_to → Peleus: mortal father of Achilles - Achilles — related_to → Thetis: divine mother of Achilles - Achilles — related_to → Iliad: primary literary source for the life and deeds of Achilles - Achilles — related_to → Patroclus: the closest companion and comrade of Achilles - Roxana — related_to → Wars of the Diadochi: Post-Alexander conflict context - Roxana — related_to → Siege of the Sogdian Rock: Context of capture - Roxana — related_to → Oxyartes: Father of Roxana - Roxana — related_to → Bactria: Alternative region of origin - Roxana — related_to → Sogdia: Region of origin - Roxana — related_to → Cassander: Political antagonist - Roxana — related_to → Alexander IV of Macedon: Son of Roxana - Roxana — related_to → Olympias: Mother-in-law and political rival - Roxana — related_to → Artabazos II: Contemporary regional governor - Roxana — related_to → Darius III: Predecessor ruler - Hephaestion — related_to → Craterus: rival and fellow general of Hephaestion - Hephaestion — related_to → Greek hero cult: posthumous religious honors granted by Alexander - Hephaestion — related_to → Drypetis: spouse of Hephaestion - Hephaestion — related_to → Susa weddings: event where Hephaestion married a Persian princess - Hephaestion — related_to → Ecbatana: site of Hephaestion's death and funeral - Hephaestion — related_to → Chiliarch: highest military and administrative office held - Hephaestion — related_to → Somatophylakes: elite bodyguard unit of the Macedonian king - Hephaestion — related_to → Patroclus: mythological parallel to Hephaestion - Hephaestion — related_to → Darius III: defeated monarch and father-in-law of Hephaestion - Hephaestion — related_to → Callisthenes: court historian who documented the campaign - Hephaestion — related_to → Parmenion: senior general and court figure - Royal Road — related_to → Cyrus the Younger: traveled the road during his rebellion - Royal Road — related_to → Assyria: established the road's original infrastructure - Royal Road — related_to → Caravanserai: precursor to the road's rest stations - Royal Road — related_to → Chapar Khaneh: postal system utilized on the road - Royal Road — related_to → Herodotus: primary historical source for the road's description - Royal Road — related_to → Darius the Great: reorganized and expanded the road network - Royal Road — related_to → Susa: eastern terminus of the Royal Road - Royal Road — related_to → Sardis: western terminus of the Royal Road - Royal Road — related_to → Anatolia: region traversed by the western section of the road - Royal Road — related_to → Achaemenid Empire: constructed and maintained the Royal Road - Gordion — related_to → Anatolia: geographic region where Gordion is located - Gordion — related_to → Gordias: eponymous founder of the city of Gordion - Gordion — related_to → Royal Road: major trade and communication route passing through Gordion - Gordion — related_to → Tumulus: distinctive burial architecture found at the Gordion site - Gordion — related_to → Midas: legendary king associated with the Phrygian capital - Gordion — related_to → Phrygia: historical kingdom and region containing the city of Gordion - Gordion — related_to → Achaemenid Empire: imperial power that controlled Gordion before Alexander - Gordion — related_to → Alexander the Great: conqueror who visited Gordion in 333 BC - Gordion — related_to → Gordian Knot: legendary knot tied at the city of Gordion - Alexander the Great — related_to → Callisthenes: Official historian who accompanied Alexander's expedition - Alexander the Great — related_to → Roxana: Alexander's first wife and mother of his heir - Alexander the Great — related_to → Siwa Oasis: Site of Alexander's visit to the Oracle of Ammon - Alexander the Great — related_to → Gordian Knot: Legendary puzzle solved by Alexander in Phrygia - Alexander the Great — related_to → Hephaestion: Alexander's closest companion and confidant - Alexander the Great — related_to → Diadochi: Successors who fought for control of Alexander's empire - Battle of Gaugamela — related_to → Battle of the Granicus: First major victory in the Persian campaign - Battle of Gaugamela — related_to → Bessus: Persian satrap and conspirator - Battle of Gaugamela — related_to → Parmenion: Key Macedonian general - Battle of Gaugamela — related_to → Scythed chariot: Persian weapon deployed at Gaugamela - Battle of Gaugamela — related_to → Battle of Issus: Preceding major battle - Battle of Gaugamela — related_to → Companion cavalry: Elite unit led by Alexander - Battle of Gaugamela — related_to → Macedonian phalanx: Tactical unit employed in the battle - Battle of Gaugamela — related_to → Achaemenid Empire: Defeated power in the conflict - Battle of Gaugamela — related_to → Sarissa: Key technological advantage - Battle of Gaugamela — related_to → Plutarch: Biographical chronicler - Battle of Gaugamela — related_to → Arrian: Primary historical source - Darius III — related_to → Persepolis: ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire - Darius III — related_to → Artabazos II: loyalist supporter of Darius III - Darius III — related_to → Mazaeus: loyal satrap and commander under Darius III - Darius III — related_to → Stateira (wife of Darius III): wife and queen consort of Darius III - Darius III — related_to → Achaemenid Empire: the political entity ruled by Darius III - Darius III — related_to → Battle of the Granicus: first major engagement of the invasion - Darius III — related_to → Battle of Issus: decisive military defeat for Darius III - Darius III — related_to → Bessus: betrayed and murdered the king - Darius III — related_to → Battle of Gaugamela: final major defeat of Darius III - Aristotle — related_to → Theophrastus: Successor and student at the Lyceum - Aristotle — related_to → Poetics (Aristotle): Foundational work on literary theory - Aristotle — related_to → Politics (Aristotle): Systematic study of political science - Aristotle — related_to → Metaphysics (Aristotle): Core text on first philosophy - Aristotle — related_to → Organon: Standard collection of logical works - Aristotle — related_to → Nicomachean Ethics: Major treatise on moral philosophy - Aristotle — related_to → Lyceum (classical): Founded his own philosophical school - Aristotle — related_to → Plato: Teacher and mentor at the Academy - Bucephalus — related_to → Arrian: historian who documented the horse's death - Bucephalus — related_to → Thessaly: region famous for breeding the horse - Bucephalus — related_to → Plutarch: primary biographer of the horse's taming - Bucephalus — related_to → Battle of the Hydaspes: the final battle where the horse died - Bucephalus — related_to → Boukephala and Nikaia: city founded in honor of the horse - Alexandria — related_to → Eratosthenes: notable scholar who worked in Alexandria - Alexandria — related_to → Roman Egypt: political successor state governing Alexandria - Alexandria — related_to → Cleopatra: last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom based in Alexandria - Alexandria — related_to → Hellenistic period: historical context of the city's development - Olympias — related_to → Alexander IV of Macedon: grandson and the final legitimate heir - Olympias — related_to → Snake worship: religious practice associated with her legend - Olympias — related_to → Ancient Pydna: site of the final siege and surrender - Olympias — related_to → Argead dynasty: royal house of which Olympias was a central figure - Olympias — related_to → Cassander: political adversary and ultimate executioner - Olympias — related_to → Cleopatra of Macedon: daughter and political pawn in the Macedonian court - Olympias — related_to → Alexander I of Epirus: brother and political ally in the Epirote-Macedonian alliance - Olympias — related_to → Neoptolemus I of Epirus: paternal ancestor and progenitor of the Molossian royal line - Philip II of Macedon — related_to → Pausanias of Orestis: assassin responsible for the death of Philip II - Philip II of Macedon — related_to → Amyntas III of Macedon: father and predecessor who provided the foundation for Philip's reign - Philip II of Macedon — related_to → Demosthenes: prominent political opponent who resisted Philip's expansionism - Philip II of Macedon — related_to → Pella: capital city and administrative center of Philip's kingdom - Philip II of Macedon — related_to → Third Sacred War: conflict that facilitated Philip's intervention and rise in Greek affai... - Philip II of Macedon — related_to → Sarissa: revolutionary infantry weapon central to Philip's military reforms - Philip II of Macedon — related_to → League of Corinth: political instrument for Philip's control over the Greek world - Philip II of Macedon — related_to → Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC): decisive military victory establishing Macedonian hegemony over Greece - Philip II of Macedon — related_to → Bucephalus: famous horse acquired by Philip for his son - Philip II of Macedon — related_to → Hellenistic period: historical era initiated by the expansionist policies of Philip II - Philip II of Macedon — related_to → Aristotle: tutor hired by Philip for his son Alexander - Philip II of Macedon — related_to → Olympias: wife of Philip II and mother of Alexander the Great - Alexander the Great — related_to → Alexandria: city founded as a center of Hellenistic culture - Alexander the Great — related_to → Darius III: primary adversary and King of Persia - Alexander the Great — related_to → Hellenistic period: historical era initiated by Alexander's conquests - Alexander the Great — related_to → Bucephalus: legendary warhorse and companion - Alexander the Great — related_to → Olympias: mother and influential political figure - Alexander the Great — related_to → Battle of Gaugamela: decisive military engagement against the Achaemenid Empire - Alexander the Great — related_to → Aristotle: personal tutor and intellectual mentor - Alexander the Great — related_to → Philip II of Macedon: father and predecessor as King of Macedon