# School of Salamanca > Explore the graph to discover the key thinkers and ideas of the School of Salamanca, and learn how their work shaped modern law, economics, human rights, and international relations. Canonical URL: https://aristotree.com/julius/school-of-salamanca Language: en Creator: julius Last modified: 2026-08-09T23:47:54.319Z Concepts: 177 Relationships: 365 This is a public, user-curated knowledge graph. Follow the cited sources when verifying claims. ## Concepts ### Song of Songs The Song of Songs, also called the Canticle of Canticles or the Song of Solomon, is a biblical poem, one of the five megillot ("scrolls") in the Ketuvim ("writings"), the last section of the Tanakh. Topics: instance of: religious text, instance of: book of the Bible, genre: wisdom literature, part of: Five Megillot, part of: Ketuvim, has part(s): Song of Songs 1 Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Songs ### Just price The just price is a theory of ethics in economics that attempts to set standards of fairness in transactions. Topics: instance of: theory Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_price ### Praxeology In philosophy, praxeology is the theory of human action, based on the notion that humans engage in purposeful behavior, contrary to reflexive behavior and other unintentional behavior. Topics: instance of: philosophical movement, instance of: branch of philosophy, subclass of: science, subclass of: philosophy Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxeology ### Carl Menger Carl Menger von Wolfensgrün was an Austrian economist who contributed to the marginal theory of value. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: economist, occupation: professor Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Menger ### Milton Friedman Milton Friedman was an American economist and statistician who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: economist, occupation: university teacher Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman ### Irving Fisher Irving Fisher was an American economist, statistician, inventor, eugenicist and progressive social campaigner. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: economist, occupation: statistician Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher ### Thirty Years' War The Thirty Years' War, fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. Topics: instance of: religious war, part of: European Wars of Religion, has part(s): Torstenson War, has part(s): Battle of Vlotho, country: Holy Roman Empire Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years'_War ### Metaphysics (Aristotle) Metaphysics is one of the principal works of Aristotle, in which he develops the doctrine that he calls First Philosophy. Topics: instance of: written work, genre: treatise, has part(s): Book 1 of Metaphysics, has part(s): Book 2 of Metaphysics Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle) ### Charles University Charles University, also known historically as the University of Prague, is the largest university in the Czech Republic. Topics: instance of: public university, instance of: Czech research institution, has part(s): Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, has part(s): Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, country: Czech Republic, founder: Charles IV Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University ### Rodrigo de Arriaga Rodrigo de Arriaga was a Spanish philosopher, Jesuit priest, and theologian. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Arriaga ### Ratio Studiorum The Ratio atque Institutio Studiorum Societatis Iesu, often abbreviated as Ratio Studiorum, was a document that standardized the globally influential system of Jesuit education in 1599. Topics: instance of: user guide Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio_Studiorum ### Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher) Pedro da Fonseca was a Portuguese Jesuit philosopher and theologian. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_da_Fonseca_(philosopher) ### University of Alcalá (1499–1836) The University of Alcalá, also known as Complutense University or Cisnerian University, was a university located in Alcalá de Henares, Spain, from its founding by Cardinal Cisneros in 1499 until its relocation to Madrid in 1836. Topics: instance of: Catholic university, instance of: former university, country: Spain, founder: Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, headquarters location: University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alcal%C3%A1_(1499%E2%80%931836) ### Juan de Medina Juan de Medina (1490–1547) was a Spanish theologian and Spain's ambassador to Rome. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Medina ### Monarchomachs The Monarchomachs were originally French Huguenot theorists who opposed monarchy at the end of the 16th century, known in particular for having theoretically justified tyrannicide. Topics: instance of: school of thought, country: France Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchomachs ### Tyrannicide Tyrannicide or tyrannomachia is the killing or assassination of a tyrant or unjust ruler. Topics: instance of: type of homicide, subclass of: politicide Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannicide ### Juan de Mariana Juan de Mariana was a Spanish Jesuit priest, Scholastic, historian, and member of the Monarchomachs. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: historian, occupation: university teacher Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana ### Spanish colonization of the Americas The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from Queen Isabella I of Castile. Topics: instance of: historical period, instance of: colonization, subclass of: territorial expansion, part of: Spanish Empire, part of: European colonization of the Americas, has part(s): Spanish conquest of El Salvador Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas ### Academic skepticism Academic skepticism was the philosophy of the skeptical period of the Academy dating from around 266 BCE, when Arcesilaus became scholarch, until around 90 BCE, when Antiochus of Ascalon rejected skepticism, although individual philosophers, such as Favorinus and his teacher Plutarch, continued to defend skepticism after this date. Topics: instance of: philosophical schools and traditions, follows: Platonic Academy Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_skepticism ### Censorship in Spain Censorship in Spain involves the suppression of speech or public communication and raises issues of freedom of speech. Topics: instance of: censorship by country, subclass of: censorship, country: Spain Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Spain ### Biblical criticism Modern Biblical criticism is the use of critical analysis to understand and explain the Bible without appealing to the supernatural. Topics: subclass of: exegesis, part of: biblical studies Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_criticism ### Pedro de Valencia (humanist) Pedro de Valencia was a Spanish humanist, biblical scholar, chronicler and literary critic. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Valencia_(humanist) ### Black Legend The Black Legend or the Spanish Black Legend is a purported historiographical tendency which consists of anti-Spanish and anti-Catholic propaganda. Topics: instance of: aspect of history, subclass of: black legend Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Legend ### Encomienda The encomienda was a 16th-century Spanish labour system that rewarded Spain's conquistadors with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. Topics: instance of: work system, subclass of: concession, country: Spanish Empire Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomienda ### A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies is an account written by the Spanish Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas in 1542 about the mistreatment of and atrocities committed against the Indigenous peoples of the Americas in colonial times and sent to then prince Philip II of Spain. Topics: instance of: written work, instance of: Chronicles of the Indies, genre: Chronicles of the Indies, country of origin: Spain, followed by: Historia de las Indias Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_Account_of_the_Destruction_of_the_Indies ### Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda was a Spanish humanist, philosopher, and theologian of the Spanish Renaissance. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: Renaissance humanist, occupation: poet Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gin%C3%A9s_de_Sep%C3%BAlveda ### New Laws The New Laws, also known as the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians, were issued on November 20, 1542, by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and regard the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Topics: instance of: legislation, part of: Laws of the Indies, country: Spanish Empire Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Laws ### Bartolomé de las Casas Bartolomé de las Casas, OP ; 11 November 1484 – 18 July 1566) was a Spanish lawyer, clergyman, writer, and activist best known for his work as a historian and social reformer. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas ### Spanish Requirement of 1513 The Spanish Requirement of 1513 (Requerimiento) was a declaration by the Spanish monarchy of Castile's divinely ordained right to take possession of the territories of the New World and to subjugate, exploit and, when necessary, to fight the native inhabitants. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Requirement_of_1513 ### Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico The Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico was a university founded on 21 September 1551 by Royal Decree signed by Charles I of Spain, in Valladolid, Spain. Topics: instance of: university, instance of: academy, country: Mexico Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_Pontifical_University_of_Mexico ### Alonso Gutiérrez Alonso Gutiérrez, known by his religious name Fray Alonso de Veracruz, was a Spanish Augustinian friar, missionary, philosopher, theologian and jurist who played a leading role in the establishment of higher education and the defence of indigenous rights in New Spain. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_Guti%C3%A9rrez ### New Spain New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain, originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain. Topics: instance of: viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire, part of: Crown of Castile, part of: Spanish Empire, has part(s): Kingdom of Mexico, country: Spanish Empire, country: Spain Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain ### Tomás de Mercado Tomás de Mercado (1525–1575) was a Spanish Dominican friar and both an economist and a theologian, best known for his book Summa de Tratos y Contratos of 1571. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado ### Mysticism Mysticism encompasses religious traditions of human transformation aided by various practices and religious experiences. Topics: instance of: way of life, subclass of: faith, subclass of: non-rational belief system, has part(s): Mystical experience Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism ### Spanish Golden Age The Spanish Golden Age was a period of intense artistic, literary, and intellectual flourishing in Spain that broadly coincided with the political rise of the Spanish monarchy under the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and the Spanish Habsburgs. Topics: instance of: golden age, instance of: literary movement, country: Spain Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age ### Order of Saint Augustine The Order of Saint Augustine, abbreviated OSA, is a mendicant religious order of the Catholic Church. Topics: instance of: mendicant order, part of: Augustinians, has part(s): friar of the Order of Saint Augustine, founder: Innocent IV, headquarters location: Rome Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Augustine ### Luis de León Luis de León, was a Spanish lyric poet, Augustinian friar, theologian and academic. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n ### Archdiocese of Valencia in Spain The Archdiocese of Valencia is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in north-eastern Spain, in the province of Valencia, part of the autonomous community of Valencia. Topics: instance of: Roman Catholic metropolitan archdiocese, part of: ecclesiastical province of Valencia, has part(s): Vicariate I Valencia city south, has part(s): Vicariate II Valencia city north, country: Spain, headquarters location: Valencia Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Valencia_in_Spain ### Philip III of Spain Philip III was King of Spain and Portugal during the period known as the Iberian Union, reigning from 1598 until his death in 1621. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: ruler Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain ### Real Colegio Seminario del Corpus Christi The Real Colegio Seminario del Corpus Christi is a former Roman Catholic school and seminary founded in 1583 in the Spanish city of Valencia. Topics: instance of: church building, instance of: museum building, country: Spain, founder: Juan de Ribera Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Colegio_Seminario_del_Corpus_Christi ### Patriarch of Antioch Patriarch of Antioch is a traditional title held by the bishop of Antioch. Topics: instance of: position, subclass of: patriarch Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch ### Expulsion of the Moriscos The Expulsion of the Moriscos was decreed by King Philip III of Spain on April 9, 1609. Topics: instance of: historical event, subclass of: forced displacement, subclass of: expulsion of Muslims, country: Hispanic Monarchy Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos ### Juan de Ribera Juan de Ribera was an influential figure during the reign of Philip III of Spain. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Ribera ### Monetary economics Monetary economics is the branch of economics that studies the nature, role, and impact of money and monetary institutions. Topics: subclass of: macroeconomics Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economics ### Leonardus Lessius Lenaert Leys, better known as Leonardus Lessius was a Brabant jurist, theologian, economist from the Jesuit order. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardus_Lessius ### Physiocracy Physiocracy is an economic theory developed by a group of 18th-century Age of Enlightenment French economists. Topics: instance of: economic theory, instance of: school of thought Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiocracy ### Teresa of Ávila Teresa of Ávila, religious name Teresa of Jesus, was a Carmelite nun, prominent Spanish mystic and spiritual reformer. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: writer, occupation: philosopher, genre: devotional literature Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila ### Domingo Báñez Domingo Báñez was a Spanish Dominican and Scholastic theologian. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_B%C3%A1%C3%B1ez ### Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976. Topics: instance of: historical country, instance of: empire, part of: Iberian Union, has part(s): Spanish Empire in Europe, has part(s): Spanish East Indies, country: Spain Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire ### Diocese of Jaén The Diocese of Jaén is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in the city of Jaén in the ecclesiastical province of Granada in Spain. Topics: instance of: diocese of the Catholic Church, instance of: suffragan diocese, part of: Ecclesiastical Province of Granada, country: Spain, headquarters location: Jaén Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Ja%C3%A9n ### Council of the Indies The Council of the Indies, officially the Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies, was the most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire for the Americas and those territories it governed, such as the Spanish East Indies. Topics: instance of: royal council, instance of: governing body, part of: Hispanic Monarchy, has part(s): Councillor of the Council of the Indies, country: Spanish Empire, headquarters location: Royal Alcazar of Madrid Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies ### Francisco Sarmiento Mendoza Francisco Sarmiento de Mendoza was a Spanish canon lawyer and bishop. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Sarmiento_Mendoza ### Catholic probabilism In Catholic moral theology, probabilism provides a way of answering the question about what to do when one does not know what to do. Topics: instance of: religious concept, part of: Catholic theology, part of: ethics Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_probabilism ### University of Ingolstadt The University of Ingolstadt was a private university in the city of Ingolstadt in Bavaria, Germany. Topics: instance of: university, country: Germany, founder: Louis IX Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ingolstadt ### Gregory of Valencia Gregory of Valencia was a Spanish humanist and scholar who was a professor at the University of Ingolstadt. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Valencia ### Prices of production Prices of production is a concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy, defined as "cost-price + average profit". Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prices_of_production ### Alfred Marshall Alfred Marshall was an English economist and one of the most influential economists of his time. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: economist, occupation: philosopher Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Marshall ### Karl Marx Karl Marx was a German philosopher, social and political theorist, economist, and revolutionary socialist. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: economist, occupation: journalist Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx ### David Ricardo David Ricardo was a British economist and politician. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: economist, occupation: stockbroker Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo ### Adam Smith Adam Smith was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the field of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: economist, occupation: non-fiction writer Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith ### Labor theory of value The labor theory of value (LTV) posits that the economic value of a good or service is determined by the socially necessary labor time required to produce it under prevailing conditions. Topics: instance of: economic theory Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value ### Cost-of-production theory of value In economics, the cost-of-production theory of value is the theory that the price of an object or condition is determined by the sum of the cost of the resources that went into making it. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-of-production_theory_of_value ### Murray Rothbard Murray Newton Rothbard was an American economist of the Austrian School, economic historian, political theorist, and activist. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: economist, occupation: philosopher Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Rothbard ### Interest In finance and economics, interest is payment from a debtor or deposit-taking financial institution to a lender or depositor of an amount above repayment of the principal sum, at a particular rate. Topics: instance of: rate, subclass of: money amount, part of: banking system Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest ### Freedom of movement Freedom of movement, mobility rights, or the right to travel is a human rights concept encompassing the right of individuals to travel from place to place within the territory of a country, and to leave the country and return to it. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_movement ### Implicit cost In economics, an implicit cost is the opportunity cost equal to what a firm must give up in order to use a factor of production for which it already owns and thus does not pay rent. Topics: subclass of: monetary cost Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_cost ### Friedrich von Wieser Friedrich von Wieser was an Austrian early economist of the Austrian School of economics. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: economist, occupation: pedagogue Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser ### Decision theory Decision theory or the theory of rational choice is a branch of probability, economics, and analytic philosophy that uses expected utility and probability to model how individuals would behave rationally under uncertainty. Topics: instance of: academic discipline, subclass of: theory, subclass of: economics, part of: practical philosophy, part of: behavioral sciences Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_theory ### Production–possibility frontier In microeconomics, a production–possibility frontier (PPF), production-possibility curve (PPC), or production-possibility boundary (PPB) is a graphical representation showing all the possible quantities of outputs that can be produced using all factors of production, where the given resources are fully and efficiently utilized per unit time. Topics: subclass of: economic curve Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production%E2%80%93possibility_frontier ### Comparative advantage Comparative advantage is the circumstance or opportunity of welfare improvement afforded by allocating one's labor and other resources amongst one's available opportunities. Topics: instance of: economic concept, subclass of: comparison Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_advantage ### Sunk cost In economics and business decision-making, a sunk cost is a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered. Topics: subclass of: monetary cost, part of: availability heuristic Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunk_cost ### Scarcity In economics, scarcity refers to the basic fact of life that there exists only a finite amount of human and nonhuman resources which the best technical knowledge is capable of using to produce only limited maximum amounts of each economic good. Topics: instance of: economic concept, subclass of: economic problem, subclass of: deficiency Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarcity ### Opportunity cost In microeconomic theory, the opportunity cost of a choice is the value of the best alternative forgone where, given limited resources, a choice needs to be made between several mutually exclusive alternatives. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_cost ### Methodological individualism In the social sciences, methodological individualism is a method for explaining social phenomena strictly in terms of the decisions of individuals, each being moved by their own personal motivations. Topics: instance of: sociological methodology, instance of: theory, subclass of: sociological methodology Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodological_individualism ### Austrian business cycle theory The Austrian business cycle theory (ABCT) is an economic theory developed by the Austrian School of economics. Topics: instance of: economic theory Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_business_cycle_theory ### Marginalism Marginalism is a theory of economics that attempts to explain the discrepancy in the value of goods and services by reference to their secondary, or marginal, utility. Topics: instance of: marginal concept, instance of: economic concept, subclass of: school of economic thought Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginalism ### Friedrich Hayek Friedrich August von Hayek was an Austrian economist and philosopher. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: economist, occupation: philosopher Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek ### Ludwig von Mises Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises was an Austrian and American political economist and philosopher of the Austrian school. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: economist, occupation: philosopher Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises ### Austrian school of economics The Austrian school of economics is a school of economic thought that advocates strict adherence to methodological individualism, the concept that social phenomena result primarily from the motivations and actions of individuals along with their self-interest. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_school_of_economics ### Council of Castile The Council of Castile, known earlier as the Royal Council, was a ruling body and key part of the domestic government of the Crown of Castile, second only to the monarch himself. Topics: instance of: royal council, instance of: consejo, has part(s): Councilor of Castilla, has part(s): Cámara de Castilla, country: Crown of Castile, country: Hispanic Monarchy Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Castile ### Philip II of Spain Philip II, sometimes known in Spain as Philip the Prudent, was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: ruler Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain ### Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva was a Spanish jurist and Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Cuenca (1577-1577), Archbishop of Segovia (1564-1577), Archbishop of Ciudad Rodrigo (1560-1564), and Archbishop of Santo Domingo (1556-1560). Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Covarrubias_y_Leyva ### Subsidiarity (Catholicism) Subsidiarity is an organizing principle that matters ought to be handled at multiple levels of organization and not just by a centralized authority. Topics: instance of: organizing principle Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism) ### Civic virtue Civic virtue is a concept that refers to the set of habits, values, and attitudes that promote the general welfare and the effective functioning of a society. Topics: subclass of: virtue Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_virtue ### Common-pool resource In economics, a common-pool resource (CPR) is a type of good consisting of a natural or human-made resource system, whose size or characteristics makes it costly, but not impossible, to exclude potential beneficiaries from obtaining benefits from its use. Topics: subclass of: common good, part of: commons Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-pool_resource ### Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a family of theories in normative ethics that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the affected individuals. Topics: instance of: ethical theory, subclass of: consequentialism, developer: John Stuart Mill, developer: Jeremy Bentham Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism ### Social contract In moral and political philosophy, the social contract is an idea, theory, or model that usually, although not always, concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual. Topics: instance of: thought experiment, instance of: political concept Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract ### Public good In economics, a public good is a commodity, product or service that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous and which is typically provided by a government and paid for through taxation. Topics: instance of: type of good, subclass of: non-private good Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_good ### Distributive justice Distributive justice concerns the socially just allocation of resources, goods and opportunities in a society. Topics: instance of: ethical concept, instance of: Concepts related to just transition, subclass of: justice Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive_justice ### Common good In philosophy, economics, and political science, the common good is either what is shared and beneficial for all or most members of a given community, or alternatively, what is achieved by citizenship, collective action, and active participation in the realm of politics and public service. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_good ### Loci theologici Loci Theologici was a term applied by Melanchthon to Protestant systems of dogmatics and retained by many as late as the seventeenth century. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loci_theologici ### Bartolomé Carranza Bartolomé Carranza was a Navarrese priest of the Dominican Order, theologian and Archbishop of Toledo. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: Catholic priest, occupation: university teacher Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Carranza ### Spanish Inquisition The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition was authorized by Pope Sixtus IV in 1478 and the first inquisitors, Miguel de Morillo and Juan de San Martín, were appointed by the future Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, in 1480. Topics: instance of: defunct organization, instance of: ecclesiastical court, has part(s): Mexican Inquisition, country: Spanish Empire, developer: Isabella I of Castile, developer: Ferdinand II of Aragon Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition ### Melchor Cano Melchor Cano was a Spanish Scholastic theologian. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchor_Cano ### Probabilism In theology and philosophy, probabilism is an ancient Greek doctrine of academic skepticism. Topics: instance of: philosophical theory, part of: philosophy Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilism ### Ethics in religion Ethics involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. Topics: instance of: academic discipline, instance of: relation, subclass of: ethics Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_in_religion ### Medina de Rioseco Medina de Rioseco is a municipality located in the province of Valladolid, in the autonomous community of Castile and León and Spain. Topics: instance of: municipality of Spain, country: Spain Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_de_Rioseco ### Bartolomé de Medina (theologian) Bartolomé de Medina, was a Spanish theologian born in Medina de Rioseco, Spain. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_Medina_(theologian) ### Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist, and diplomat who is credited, alongside Isaac Newton, with the creation of calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic and statistics. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: mathematician, occupation: jurist Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz ### Hugo Grotius Hugo Grotius, also known as Hugo de Groot or Huig de Groot, was a Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian, jurist, statesman, poet and playwright. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: poet, occupation: playwright Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius ### Francisco Suárez Francisco Suárez was a Spanish Jesuit priest, philosopher and theologian, one of the leading figures of the School of Salamanca movement. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: theologian, occupation: philosopher Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez ### Francisco de Vitoria University Francisco de Vitoria University is a private university located in Pozuelo de Alarcón, in the Community of Madrid, Spain. Topics: instance of: private university, instance of: open-access publisher, part of: Regnum Christi International Universities, part of: Europe Direct, country: Spain, named after: Francisco de Vitoria Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria_University ### Fiat money Fiat money or fiat currency is a type of government-issued currency, generally created by a central bank, authorized by government regulation to be legal tender but not backed by a precious metal, such as gold or silver, nor by any other tangible asset or commodity. Topics: instance of: money, subclass of: currency Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_money ### Deflation In economics, deflation is an increase in the real value of the monetary unit of account, as reflected in a decrease in the general price level of goods and services exchanged, measurable by broad price indices. Topics: instance of: economic term, subclass of: process Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflation ### Federal Reserve The Federal Reserve System is the central banking system of the United States. Topics: instance of: central bank, instance of: independent agency of the United States government, has part(s): Federal Reserve Bank, country: United States, founder: Robert Latham Owen, headquarters location: Eccles Building Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve ### Central bank A central bank, reserve bank, national bank, state bank, or monetary authority is a financial institution that manages the monetary policy of a country or monetary union. Topics: subclass of: bank, subclass of: governing body Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank ### John Maynard Keynes John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, was an English economist whose writings are considered the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, as well as its various offshoots. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: economist, occupation: mathematician Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes ### Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish transatlantic voyages in the name of the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: explorer, occupation: seafarer Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus ### Isabella I of Castile Isabella I, also known as Isabella the Catholic, was Queen of Castile and León from 1474 until her death in 1504. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: ruler Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile ### Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. Topics: instance of: arithmetic calendar, instance of: solar calendar, has part(s): Gregorian dominical cycle, has part(s): month, named after: Gregory XIII Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar ### Gramática de la lengua castellana Gramática de la lengua castellana is a book written by Antonio de Nebrija and published in 1492. Topics: instance of: grammar book, genre: textbook Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_de_la_lengua_castellana ### Treaty of Tordesillas The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. Topics: instance of: treaty, has part(s): Demarcation line of Alexander VI, country: Kingdom of Portugal, country: Spanish Empire, follows: Inter caetera Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas ### University of Salamanca The University of Salamanca is a public research university in Salamanca, Spain. Topics: instance of: public university, instance of: open-access publisher, country: Spain, headquarters location: Salamanca Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Salamanca ### Dominican Order The Order of Preachers, commonly known as the Dominican Order, is a Catholic mendicant order of pontifical right that was founded in France by the Castilian priest Dominic de Guzmán. Topics: instance of: mendicant order, instance of: first order, part of: Dominican Family, has part(s): dominican friar, has part(s): Province of Hispania of the Order of Preachers, country: Italy Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order ### Aristotelianism Aristotelianism is a philosophical tradition inspired by the work of Aristotle, usually characterized by deductive logic and an analytic inductive method in the study of natural philosophy and metaphysics. Topics: instance of: philosophical movement, subclass of: philosophy, part of: psychological terminology, has part(s): philosophy of Aristotle, named after: Aristotle Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism ### Money multiplier In monetary economics, the money multiplier is the ratio of the money supply to the monetary base. Topics: instance of: economic indicator, part of: fractional reserve banking Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_multiplier ### Fractional-reserve banking Fractional-reserve banking is the system of banking under which banks that take deposits from the public keep only part of their deposit liabilities in liquid assets as a reserve, and lend a percentage to borrowers, thus increasing the money supply by the loaned amount. Topics: subclass of: banking system Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking ### Open market operation In macroeconomics, an open market operation (OMO) is an activity by a central bank to exchange liquidity in its currency with a bank or a group of banks. Topics: instance of: monetary policy Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_market_operation ### Money supply In macroeconomics, money supply refers to the total volume of money held by the public at a particular point in time. Topics: subclass of: money, has part(s): cash, has part(s): demand deposit Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supply ### Bimetallism Bimetallism, also known as the bimetallic standard, is a monetary standard in which the value of the monetary unit is defined as equivalent to certain quantities of two metals, creating a fixed rate of exchange between them. Topics: subclass of: monetary system Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimetallism ### Mercantilism Mercantilism is a form of economic system and nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports of an economy. Topics: instance of: economic policy, instance of: school of thought Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilism ### Debasement A debasement of coinage is the practice of lowering the intrinsic value of coins, especially when used in connection with commodity money, such as gold or silver coins, while continuing to circulate it at face value. Topics: subclass of: phenomenon Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debasement ### Bullionism Bullionism is an economic theory that defines wealth by the amount of precious metals owned. Topics: instance of: economic theory Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullionism ### Potosí Potosí, known as Villa Imperial de Potosí in the colonial period, is the capital city and a municipality of the Department of Potosí in Bolivia. Topics: instance of: city, instance of: big city, part of: Potosí Department, country: Bolivia Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potos%C3%AD ### Spanish treasure fleet The Spanish treasure fleet, or West Indies Fleet, was a convoy system of sea routes organized by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790, which linked Spain with its territories in the Americas across the Atlantic. Topics: instance of: naval fleet, instance of: convoy, operator: Spanish Navy Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet ### Price revolution The Price Revolution, sometimes known as the Spanish Price Revolution, was a series of economic events that occurred in the second half of the 16th century, and most specifically linked to the high rate of inflation that occurred during this period across Western Europe. Topics: instance of: inflation Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_revolution ### Kingdom of Navarre The Kingdom of Navarre, originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a historical Iberian polity which occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean, between present-day Spain and France. Topics: instance of: realm, instance of: historical country, has part(s): Upper Navarre, has part(s): Lower Navarre Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre ### Canon law Canon law is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. Topics: instance of: area of law, instance of: academic discipline, subclass of: law, subclass of: religious law, part of: ecclesiastical law Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law ### Usury Usury is the practice of making loans that are seen as unfairly enriching the lender. Topics: subclass of: predatory lending, subclass of: interest, part of: white-collar crime Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usury ### Martín de Azpilcueta Martín de Azpilcueta, or Doctor Navarrus, was a Navarrese canonist, theologian and economist. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: economist, occupation: university teacher Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta ### Simon Newcomb Simon Newcomb was a Canadian–American astronomer, applied mathematician, and autodidactic polymath. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: astronomer, occupation: mathematician Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Newcomb ### Digital currency Digital currency is any currency, money, or money-like asset that is primarily managed, stored or exchanged on digital computer systems, especially over the internet. Topics: subclass of: alternative currency, subclass of: payment system Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_currency ### Renaissance humanism Renaissance humanism is a worldview centered on the nature and importance of humanity that emerged from the study of classical antiquity. Topics: instance of: cultural movement, part of: Renaissance Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanism ### Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas was an Italian Dominican friar and priest, theologian, and philosopher. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: theologian, occupation: Latin Catholic priest, named after: Thomas the Apostle Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas ### Peter of Spain Peter of Hispania was the author of the Tractatus, later known as the Summulae Logicales, an important medieval university textbook on Aristotelian logic. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: philosopher, occupation: logician Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Spain ### Gabriel Vásquez Gabriel Vásquez, known as Bellomontanus, was a Spanish theologian, Jesuit priest, and scholastic philosopher. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: theologian, occupation: university teacher Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_V%C3%A1squez ### Second scholasticism Second scholasticism, also called Modern scholasticism, is the period of revival of scholastic system of philosophy and theology, in the 16th and 17th centuries. Topics: subclass of: philosophy, part of: history of philosophy, part of: scholasticism Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_scholasticism ### Jacques Maritain Jacques Maritain was a French Catholic philosopher and theologian. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: philosopher, occupation: pedagogue Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Maritain ### Five Ways (Aquinas) The Quinque viæ are five logical arguments for the existence of God summarized by the 13th-century Catholic philosopher and theologian Thomas Aquinas in his book Summa Theologica. Topics: subclass of: argument, subclass of: argument for God's existence, has part(s): the argument from "first mover", has part(s): the argument from universal causation Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas) ### Scholasticism Scholasticism is a medieval European philosophical movement or methodology that was the predominant education in Europe from about 1100 to 1700. Topics: subclass of: Christian philosophy, subclass of: philosophical schools and traditions Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism ### Aeterni Patris Aeterni Patris was an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in August 1879. Topics: instance of: encyclical, instance of: letter, part of: list of encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII, country of origin: Vatican City, follows: Quod Apostolici Muneris, followed by: Arcanum Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeterni_Patris ### Neo-scholasticism Neo-scholasticism, also known as neo-scholastic Thomism, or neo-Thomism because of the great influence of the writings of Thomas Aquinas on the movement, is a revival and development of medieval scholasticism in Catholic theology and scholastic philosophy, which began in the second half of the 19th century. Topics: instance of: philosophical schools and traditions, part of: medieval philosophy Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-scholasticism ### Summa Theologica The Summa Theologiae or Summa Theologica, often referred to simply as the Summa, is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), a scholastic theologian and Doctor of the Church. Topics: instance of: reference work, instance of: treatise, genre: treatise Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Theologica ### Thomism Thomism is the philosophical and theological school which arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), a Dominican philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church. Topics: instance of: philosophical schools and traditions, founder: Thomas Aquinas, named after: Thomas Aquinas Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomism ### Counterfactual conditional Counterfactual conditionals are conditional sentences that describe what would have been true if circumstances had been different, typically when the antecedent is taken to be false or incompatible with what actually happened. Topics: subclass of: conditional sentence, has part(s): hypothetical entity Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual_conditional ### Divine providence In theology, divine providence, or simply providence, is God's intervention in the universe. Topics: instance of: religious belief, instance of: attributes of God in Christianity, subclass of: providentialism, subclass of: providence Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_providence ### Counter-Reformation The Counter-Reformation, also sometimes called the Catholic Revival or the Catholic Reformation, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to and as an alternative to, or from similar insights as, the Protestant Reformation. Topics: instance of: religious controversy, instance of: social movement, part of: Protestant Reformation, part of: Catholicism Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation ### Free will Free will is generally understood as the capacity or ability of people to (a) choose between different possible courses of action, (b) exercise control over their actions in a way that is necessary for moral responsibility, or (c) be the ultimate source or originator of their actions. Topics: instance of: philosophical concept, instance of: religious concept Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will ### Molinism Molinism, named after 16th-century Spanish Jesuit theologian Luis de Molina, is the thesis that God has middle knowledge : the knowledge of counterfactuals, particularly counterfactuals regarding human action. Topics: instance of: Christian theological school, founder: Luis de Molina, named after: Luis de Molina Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molinism ### Keynesian economics Keynesian economics are the various macroeconomic theories and models of how aggregate demand strongly influences economic output and inflation. Topics: instance of: school of economic thought, named after: John Maynard Keynes Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesian_economics ### Monetary policy Monetary policy is the policy adopted by the monetary authority of a nation to affect monetary and other financial conditions to accomplish broader objectives like high employment and price stability. Topics: instance of: type of policy, subclass of: economic policy Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_policy ### Monetarism Monetarism is a school of thought in monetary economics that emphasizes the role of policy-makers in controlling the amount of money in circulation. Topics: instance of: school of thought, instance of: theory, developer: Milton Friedman Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetarism ### Liquidity preference In macroeconomic theory, liquidity preference is the demand for money, considered as liquidity. Topics: instance of: economic theory Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidity_preference ### Hyperinflation In economics, hyperinflation is a very high and typically accelerating inflation. Topics: subclass of: inflation, subclass of: social issue Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation ### Demand for money In monetary economics, the demand for money is the desired holding of financial assets in the form of money: that is, cash or bank deposits rather than investments. Topics: subclass of: money supply Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_for_money ### Gross domestic product Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the total market value of all of the final goods and services which are produced and rendered during a specific period of time by a country or countries. Topics: subclass of: macroeconomic indicator Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product ### Velocity of money The velocity of money measures the number of times that one unit of currency is used to purchase goods and services within a given time period. Topics: subclass of: rate Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_of_money ### Congregatio de Auxiliis The Congregatio de Auxiliis was a commission established by Pope Clement VIII to settle a theological controversy regarding divine grace that had arisen between the Dominicans and the Jesuits towards the close of the sixteenth century. Topics: instance of: discourse, country: Papal States Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregatio_de_Auxiliis ### Subjective theory of value The subjective theory of value (STV) is an economic theory for explaining how the value of goods and services are not only established but also how they can fluctuate over time. Topics: instance of: theory of value Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value ### University of Coimbra The University of Coimbra (UC) is a public research university in Coimbra, Portugal. Topics: instance of: public university, instance of: open-access publisher, country: Portugal, founder: Denis I of Portugal, headquarters location: Coimbra Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Coimbra ### Jesuits The Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits, is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church. Topics: instance of: Catholic order, instance of: organization, has part(s): Jesuit, has part(s): General Congregation of the Society of Jesus, founder: Ignatius of Loyola, founder: Francis Xavier Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits ### Luis de Molina Luis de Molina was a Spanish Jesuit priest, jurist, economist and theologian renowned for his contributions to philosophy and economics within the framework of the second scholasticism. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: jurist, occupation: philosopher Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Molina ### Valladolid debate The Valladolid debate was the first public debate in European history to discuss the morality, rights and treatment of Indigenous people by European colonizers. Topics: instance of: disputation, country: Hispanic Monarchy Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid_debate ### Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, King of Sicily and Naples from 1516 to 1554, and also Lord of the Netherlands and titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: monarch Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor ### Inflation In economics, inflation is an increase in the average price of goods and services in terms of money, though it originally referred to the increase of the money supply that can cause such a universal shift. Topics: instance of: economic concept, subclass of: macroeconomic phenomenon, has part(s): demand-pull inflation, has part(s): cost-push inflation Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation ### Chicago school of economics The Chicago school of economics is a neoclassical school of economic thought associated with the work of the faculty at the University of Chicago, some of whom have constructed and popularized its principles. Topics: instance of: school of economic thought, subclass of: economics, subclass of: neoclassical economics, has part(s): monetarism, has part(s): new classical macroeconomics, named after: University of Chicago Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics ### Neutrality of money Neutrality of money is the idea that a change in the money supply affects only nominal variables in the economy such as prices, wages, and exchange rates, with no effect on real variables, like employment, real GDP, and real consumption. Topics: instance of: concept Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrality_of_money ### Council of Trent The Council of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent, in Northern Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Topics: instance of: ecumenical council, has part(s): first period of the Council of Trent, has part(s): second period of the Council of Trent, follows: Fifth Council of the Lateran, followed by: First Vatican Council Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent ### Equation of exchange In monetary economics, the equation of exchange is the relation: Topics: instance of: equation Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_exchange ### Domingo de Soto Domingo de Soto was a Spanish Dominican priest and Scholastic theologian and naturalist born in Segovia (Spain), and died in Salamanca (Spain), at the age of 66. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: Catholic priest, occupation: university teacher Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto ### Quantity theory of money The quantity theory of money (QTM) is a hypothesis within monetary economics which states that the general price level of goods and services is directly proportional to the amount of money in circulation, and that the causality runs from money to prices. Topics: instance of: theory Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money ### Francisco de Vitoria Francisco de Vitoria, also known as Francisco de Victoria, was a Spanish Catholic philosopher, theologian, and jurist of Renaissance Spain. Topics: instance of: human, occupation: writer, occupation: philosopher Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria ### Natural law Natural law is a philosophical and legal theory that posits the existence of inherent laws derived from nature and universal moral principles that are discoverable through reason. Topics: subclass of: law Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law ### Just war theory The just war theory is a doctrine, also referred to as a tradition, of military ethics that aims to ensure that a war is morally justifiable through a series of criteria, all of which must be met for a war to be considered just. Topics: instance of: doctrine, part of: ethics, has part(s): jus ad bellum, has part(s): jus in bello Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_war_theory ### Sublimis Deus Sublimis Deus is a Papal bull promulgated by Pope Paul III on 2 June 1537, which forbids the enslavement of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas and all other Indigenous people who could be discovered later or previously known. Topics: instance of: papal bull Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimis_Deus ### Conimbricenses The Conimbricenses are an important collection of Jesuit commentaries on Aristotle compiled at University of Coimbra in Coimbra, Portugal. Topics: instance of: Theological school, instance of: group of humans, part of: School of Salamanca, country: Portugal Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conimbricenses ### School of Salamanca The School of Salamanca was an intellectual movement of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish Scholastic theologians rooted in the intellectual and pedagogical work of Francisco de Vitoria. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Salamanca ## Relationships - Rodrigo de Arriaga — related_to → Thirty Years' War: historical context of his career - Rodrigo de Arriaga — related_to → Metaphysics (Aristotle): primary field of philosophical inquiry - Rodrigo de Arriaga — related_to → Charles University: primary academic institution of tenure - Rodrigo de Arriaga — related_to → Jesuits: religious order and institutional affiliation - Rodrigo de Arriaga — related_to → Francisco Suárez: major philosophical influence - Rodrigo de Arriaga — related_to → Second scholasticism: theological and pedagogical framework - Rodrigo de Arriaga — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual tradition and philosophical context - Rodrigo de Arriaga — related_to → Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher): predecessor in Jesuit philosophical methodology - Rodrigo de Arriaga — related_to → Ratio Studiorum: pedagogical foundation for his teaching - Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher) — related_to → Ratio Studiorum: educational framework he helped shape - Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher) — related_to → Molinism: theological debate involving his contemporaries - Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher) — related_to → University of Coimbra: academic institution where he taught and researched - Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher) — related_to → Aristotelianism: primary philosophical framework of his work - Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher) — related_to → Conimbricenses: collaborative philosophical project he directed - Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher) — related_to → Jesuits: religious order of which he was a member - Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher) — related_to → School of Salamanca: key intellectual movement of the Renaissance - Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher) — related_to → Domingo Báñez: theological contemporary and intellectual rival - Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher) — related_to → Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva: jurist whose work influenced his intellectual circle - Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher) — related_to → Leonardus Lessius: fellow Jesuit scholastic and economic thinker - Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher) — related_to → Juan de Mariana: contemporary Jesuit scholar and peer - Juan de Medina — related_to → University of Alcalá (1499–1836): academic institution of affiliation - Juan de Medina — related_to → Usury: moral and legal subject of study - Juan de Medina — related_to → Just price: economic concept analyzed by the author - Juan de Medina — related_to → Scholasticism: philosophical and theological framework - Juan de Medina — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual tradition and academic context - Juan de Medina — related_to → Domingo Báñez: theological contemporary and peer - Juan de Medina — related_to → Tomás de Mercado: successor in the School of Salamanca - Juan de Medina — related_to → Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva: contemporary jurist and fellow scholastic - Juan de Medina — related_to → Bartolomé de las Casas: contemporary theologian and intellectual peer - Juan de Mariana — related_to → Tyrannicide: controversial political concept defended by Mariana - Juan de Mariana — related_to → Monarchomachs: political movement associated with Mariana's theories - Juan de Mariana — related_to → Scholasticism: philosophical framework underlying Mariana's methodology - Juan de Mariana — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual tradition that influenced Mariana's economic thought - Juan de Mariana — related_to → Jesuits: religious order to which Mariana belonged - Juan de Mariana — related_to → Domingo de Soto: theologian whose work influenced Mariana's scholastic approach - Juan de Mariana — related_to → Martín de Azpilcueta: predecessor in the School of Salamanca - Juan de Mariana — related_to → Philip III of Spain: monarch whose policies were criticized by Mariana - Juan de Mariana — related_to → Censorship in Spain: institutional challenge faced by Mariana's works - Juan de Mariana — related_to → Spanish Empire: political context for Mariana's life and writings - Pedro de Valencia (humanist) — related_to → Spanish colonization of the Americas: subject of critical writing - Pedro de Valencia (humanist) — related_to → Academic skepticism: philosophical influence - Pedro de Valencia (humanist) — related_to → Juan de Mariana: contemporary intellectual peer - Pedro de Valencia (humanist) — related_to → Censorship in Spain: professional role and activity - Pedro de Valencia (humanist) — related_to → Biblical criticism: field of scholarly contribution - Pedro de Valencia (humanist) — related_to → Renaissance humanism: intellectual framework - Pedro de Valencia (humanist) — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual tradition and academic context - Pedro de Valencia (humanist) — related_to → Luis de León: intellectual influence and associate - Pedro de Valencia (humanist) — related_to → Spanish Inquisition: institutional employer and regulator - Pedro de Valencia (humanist) — related_to → Spanish Golden Age: cultural and historical era - Pedro de Valencia (humanist) — related_to → Bartolomé de las Casas: precursor in human rights advocacy - Bartolomé de las Casas — related_to → Black Legend: historical narrative influenced by his writings - Bartolomé de las Casas — related_to → Encomienda: system of labor exploitation he actively opposed - Bartolomé de las Casas — related_to → A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies: seminal work documenting colonial atrocities - Bartolomé de las Casas — related_to → Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda: primary intellectual adversary in the debate on conquest - Bartolomé de las Casas — related_to → New Laws: legislative reform inspired by his advocacy - Bartolomé de las Casas — related_to → Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor: monarch who received his petitions for reform - Bartolomé de las Casas — related_to → Dominican Order: religious order that shaped his activism - Bartolomé de las Casas — related_to → Valladolid debate: major public confrontation regarding indigenous rights - Bartolomé de las Casas — related_to → Spanish Inquisition: ecclesiastical institution that monitored his theological writings - Bartolomé de las Casas — related_to → Council of the Indies: administrative body he lobbied for colonial policy changes - Bartolomé de las Casas — related_to → Spanish Empire: the geopolitical context of his reform efforts - Alonso Gutiérrez — related_to → Bartolomé de las Casas: contemporary advocate for indigenous rights - Alonso Gutiérrez — related_to → Spanish Requirement of 1513: legal document challenged by his advocacy - Alonso Gutiérrez — related_to → New Spain: primary field of missionary and academic activity - Alonso Gutiérrez — related_to → Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico: foundational academic institution - Alonso Gutiérrez — related_to → Council of the Indies: administrative body influenced by his writings - Alonso Gutiérrez — related_to → Scholasticism: philosophical and theological framework - Alonso Gutiérrez — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual tradition and academic environment - Alonso Gutiérrez — related_to → Spanish Empire: political context of his life and work - Alonso Gutiérrez — related_to → Francisco de Vitoria: intellectual mentor and influence - Alonso Gutiérrez — related_to → Order of Saint Augustine: religious order of membership - Tomás de Mercado — related_to → New Spain: geographical context of the author's research - Tomás de Mercado — related_to → Usury: moral and economic subject of study - Tomás de Mercado — related_to → Scholasticism: philosophical and theological methodology - Tomás de Mercado — related_to → Price revolution: historical economic phenomenon analyzed by the author - Tomás de Mercado — related_to → Quantity theory of money: economic theory pioneered by the author - Tomás de Mercado — related_to → Dominican Order: religious order and institutional affiliation - Tomás de Mercado — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual school of thought and academic context - Tomás de Mercado — related_to → Interest: economic phenomenon analyzed by the author - Tomás de Mercado — related_to → Just price: theological and economic concept applied by the author - Tomás de Mercado — related_to → Monetary economics: academic field of the author's contributions - Tomás de Mercado — related_to → Spanish Empire: political and economic environment of the author - Luis de León — related_to → Mysticism: theological and literary theme - Luis de León — related_to → Spanish Golden Age: historical and cultural context - Luis de León — related_to → Song of Songs: subject of controversial biblical commentary - Luis de León — related_to → Order of Saint Augustine: religious order of membership - Luis de León — related_to → University of Salamanca: primary academic institution and workplace - Luis de León — related_to → Renaissance humanism: intellectual framework and stylistic influence - Luis de León — related_to → Spanish Inquisition: persecutor and legal adversary - Luis de León — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual movement and academic circle - Luis de León — related_to → Aristotelianism: philosophical foundation of his theology - Luis de León — related_to → Spanish Empire: political and social environment - Juan de Ribera — related_to → Archdiocese of Valencia in Spain: his primary jurisdiction and seat of power - Juan de Ribera — related_to → Philip III of Spain: monarch who relied on his counsel and religious authority - Juan de Ribera — related_to → Real Colegio Seminario del Corpus Christi: founded by him to promote priestly education - Juan de Ribera — related_to → Patriarch of Antioch: ecclesiastical title held concurrently with his archbishopric - Juan de Ribera — related_to → Expulsion of the Moriscos: major policy initiative during his tenure as Archbishop of Valencia - Juan de Ribera — related_to → Council of Trent: theological framework for his ecclesiastical reforms - Juan de Ribera — related_to → Counter-Reformation: central religious movement defining his administrative and theological... - Juan de Ribera — related_to → Council of the Indies: governing body that interacted with his ecclesiastical administration - Juan de Ribera — related_to → Spanish Empire: the geopolitical context of his ecclesiastical and political influence - Leonardus Lessius — related_to → Monetary economics: contribution to early economic thought - Leonardus Lessius — related_to → Luis de Molina: contemporary intellectual influence - Leonardus Lessius — related_to → Counter-Reformation: historical and religious context - Leonardus Lessius — related_to → Subjective theory of value: precursor to modern economic theory - Leonardus Lessius — related_to → Usury: subject of economic and moral analysis - Leonardus Lessius — related_to → Jesuits: religious order and institutional affiliation - Leonardus Lessius — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual tradition and academic environment - Leonardus Lessius — related_to → University of Salamanca: institutional center of his intellectual tradition - Leonardus Lessius — related_to → Catholic probabilism: theological framework for moral decision-making - Leonardus Lessius — related_to → Francisco Suárez: intellectual peer in Jesuit scholasticism - Leonardus Lessius — related_to → Just price: core economic concept in his writings - Domingo Báñez — related_to → Physiocracy: historical economic precursor - Domingo Báñez — related_to → Teresa of Ávila: spiritual directee and historical associate - Domingo Báñez — related_to → Scholasticism: methodological and pedagogical tradition - Domingo Báñez — related_to → Thomas Aquinas: primary intellectual influence and source - Domingo Báñez — related_to → Luis de Molina: theological rival and intellectual opponent - Domingo Báñez — related_to → Congregatio de Auxiliis: theological debate and conflict - Domingo Báñez — related_to → Thomism: theological and philosophical framework - Domingo Báñez — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual movement and academic environment - Domingo Báñez — related_to → Bartolomé de Medina (theologian): contemporary colleague and fellow Dominican - Domingo Báñez — related_to → Francisco de Vitoria: intellectual predecessor and influence - Domingo Báñez — related_to → Aristotelianism: philosophical foundation for his theology - Domingo Báñez — related_to → Just price: economic theory developed within his school - Domingo Báñez — related_to → Dominican Order: religious order and intellectual community - Domingo Báñez — related_to → University of Salamanca: primary academic institution and teaching base - Francisco Sarmiento Mendoza — related_to → Spanish Empire: geopolitical context of the subject's career - Francisco Sarmiento Mendoza — related_to → Diocese of Jaén: ecclesiastical office held by the subject - Francisco Sarmiento Mendoza — related_to → Council of the Indies: administrative body where the subject served as a member - Francisco Sarmiento Mendoza — related_to → Council of Trent: ecclesiastical event influencing the subject's theological framework - Francisco Sarmiento Mendoza — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual tradition and academic environment of the subject - Francisco Sarmiento Mendoza — related_to → University of Salamanca: academic institution where the subject was educated and taught - Francisco Sarmiento Mendoza — related_to → Canon law: primary academic and professional field of the subject - Francisco Sarmiento Mendoza — related_to → Philip II of Spain: monarch served by the subject - Francisco Sarmiento Mendoza — related_to → Council of Castile: administrative body where the subject held a high-ranking position - Gregory of Valencia — related_to → University of Ingolstadt: primary academic institution and teaching post - Gregory of Valencia — related_to → Catholic probabilism: theological position on moral conscience - Gregory of Valencia — related_to → Thomas Aquinas: theological foundation and primary influence - Gregory of Valencia — related_to → Scholasticism: philosophical framework and methodology - Gregory of Valencia — related_to → Counter-Reformation: historical context and ideological influence - Gregory of Valencia — related_to → Jesuits: religious order and institutional affiliation - Gregory of Valencia — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual tradition and academic context - Gregory of Valencia — related_to → Aristotelianism: philosophical basis for his academic work - Gregory of Valencia — related_to → Francisco Suárez: contemporary Jesuit theologian and intellectual peer - Cost-of-production theory of value — related_to → Prices of production: central concept derived from production costs - Cost-of-production theory of value — related_to → Alfred Marshall: synthesizer of cost and utility - Cost-of-production theory of value — related_to → Karl Marx: proponent of the labor-cost variant - Cost-of-production theory of value — related_to → David Ricardo: systematizer of the cost-based approach - Cost-of-production theory of value — related_to → Adam Smith: key proponent in classical economics - Cost-of-production theory of value — related_to → Labor theory of value: historical precursor and foundational variant - Cost-of-production theory of value — related_to → Subjective theory of value: theoretical antithesis and successor - Cost-of-production theory of value — related_to → Martín de Azpilcueta: early contributor to value theory - Cost-of-production theory of value — related_to → Austrian school of economics: school of thought that dismantled the theory - Cost-of-production theory of value — related_to → Marginalism: theoretical framework that superseded cost-based theories - Cost-of-production theory of value — related_to → Carl Menger: pioneer of the subjective value critique - Freedom of movement — related_to → Murray Rothbard: modern historian of the School of Salamanca - Freedom of movement — related_to → Interest: scholastic debate on the morality of lending - Freedom of movement — related_to → Just price: theological and economic framework for market exchange - Freedom of movement — related_to → Luis de Molina: key contributor to scholastic economic analysis - Freedom of movement — related_to → Natural law: philosophical basis for economic and political rights - Freedom of movement — related_to → Subjective theory of value: early conceptualization by scholastic thinkers - Freedom of movement — related_to → Quantity theory of money: pioneered by School of Salamanca members - Freedom of movement — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual foundation for modern economic thought - Freedom of movement — related_to → Potosí: source of silver driving the price revolution - Freedom of movement — related_to → Scholasticism: philosophical framework for economic inquiry - Freedom of movement — related_to → Francisco de Vitoria: founder of the School of Salamanca - Freedom of movement — related_to → Price revolution: historical context for scholastic economic theory - Freedom of movement — related_to → Austrian school of economics: intellectual successor to the School of Salamanca - Freedom of movement — related_to → Martín de Azpilcueta: formulated early quantity theory of money - Opportunity cost — related_to → Friedrich von Wieser: coined the term opportunity cost - Opportunity cost — related_to → Implicit cost: component of opportunity cost - Opportunity cost — related_to → Decision theory: theoretical framework for opportunity cost analysis - Opportunity cost — related_to → Production–possibility frontier: graphical representation of opportunity cost - Opportunity cost — related_to → Comparative advantage: application of opportunity cost in international trade - Opportunity cost — related_to → Sunk cost: distinction from opportunity cost - Opportunity cost — related_to → Scarcity: fundamental condition for the existence of opportunity cost - Opportunity cost — related_to → Carl Menger: pioneer of the subjective value theory - Opportunity cost — related_to → Ludwig von Mises: applied opportunity cost to human action - Opportunity cost — related_to → Austrian school of economics: prominent school of thought utilizing opportunity cost - Opportunity cost — related_to → Marginalism: foundational theory for opportunity cost - Austrian school of economics — related_to → Austrian business cycle theory: Austrian School explanation for economic fluctuations - Austrian school of economics — related_to → Marginalism: Analytical tool adopted by the Austrian School - Austrian school of economics — related_to → Praxeology: Methodological framework of the Austrian School - Austrian school of economics — related_to → Methodological individualism: Core analytical principle of the Austrian School - Austrian school of economics — related_to → Friedrich Hayek: Prominent Austrian School theorist and Nobel laureate - Austrian school of economics — related_to → Ludwig von Mises: Key developer of Austrian School methodology - Austrian school of economics — related_to → Carl Menger: Founder of the Austrian School of Economics - Austrian school of economics — related_to → Subjective theory of value: Foundational economic theory of the Austrian School - Austrian school of economics — related_to → School of Salamanca: Intellectual ancestor of the Austrian School - Austrian school of economics — related_to → Martín de Azpilcueta: Precursor to Austrian School monetary theory - Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva — related_to → Council of Castile: administrative and judicial service - Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva — related_to → Philip II of Spain: political patron and royal advisor - Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva — related_to → Price revolution: historical context for economic analysis - Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva — related_to → Canon law: primary field of academic and professional expertise - Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva — related_to → Quantity theory of money: pioneering economic theory development - Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva — related_to → Council of Trent: ecclesiastical influence and legislative participation - Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual tradition and academic environment - Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva — related_to → Spanish Inquisition: institutional context of his legal career - Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva — related_to → University of Salamanca: academic home and intellectual center - Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva — related_to → Martín de Azpilcueta: collaborator and fellow economic theorist - Common good — related_to → Subsidiarity (Catholicism): Principle for organizing society to promote the common good - Common good — related_to → Civic virtue: Essential requirement for the realization of the common good - Common good — related_to → Common-pool resource: Specific type of resource requiring management for the common good - Common good — related_to → Utilitarianism: Alternative ethical framework for defining collective benefit - Common good — related_to → Social contract: Theoretical framework for achieving the common good - Common good — related_to → Public good: Economic counterpart to the philosophical concept of the common good - Common good — related_to → Distributive justice: A core component of the common good in political philosophy - Common good — related_to → School of Salamanca: Developed foundational theories on the common good and economic justice - Common good — related_to → Hugo Grotius: Transformed the common good into the basis for international law - Common good — related_to → Francisco Suárez: Refined the legal and political dimensions of the common good - Common good — related_to → Martín de Azpilcueta: Applied the common good to monetary and economic theory - Common good — related_to → Aristotelianism: Foundational philosophical tradition for the concept of the common good - Common good — related_to → Thomas Aquinas: Primary historical source for the classical definition of the common go... - Melchor Cano — related_to → Bartolomé Carranza: was a primary theological and political rival - Melchor Cano — related_to → Spanish Inquisition: engaged in significant conflicts with the Spanish Inquisition - Melchor Cano — related_to → Loci theologici: authored the foundational methodological work of his career - Melchor Cano — related_to → School of Salamanca: was a central figure and intellectual leader of this school - Melchor Cano — related_to → Council of Trent: participated as a prominent theologian and advisor - Melchor Cano — related_to → Aristotelianism: utilized Aristotelian logic as the basis for his theology - Melchor Cano — related_to → Scholasticism: was a major representative of the Scholastic tradition - Melchor Cano — related_to → University of Salamanca: held a prestigious chair of theology at the university - Melchor Cano — related_to → Dominican Order: was a member and influential scholar of the order - Bartolomé de Medina (theologian) — related_to → Ethics in religion: primary field of study - Bartolomé de Medina (theologian) — related_to → Probabilism: theological doctrine associated with the theologian - Bartolomé de Medina (theologian) — related_to → Medina de Rioseco: birthplace of the theologian - Bartolomé de Medina (theologian) — related_to → Council of Trent: contextual influence on the theologian's work - Bartolomé de Medina (theologian) — related_to → Dominican Order: religious order of the theologian - Bartolomé de Medina (theologian) — related_to → Summa Theologica: subject of the theologian's commentary - Bartolomé de Medina (theologian) — related_to → Thomas Aquinas: primary intellectual influence - Bartolomé de Medina (theologian) — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual movement of the theologian - Bartolomé de Medina (theologian) — related_to → University of Salamanca: academic institution of the theologian - Francisco Suárez — related_to → Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: philosopher who studied and cited Suárez's metaphysics - Francisco Suárez — related_to → Hugo Grotius: jurist influenced by the natural law theories of Suárez - Francisco Suárez — related_to → University of Coimbra: institution where Suárez held a prestigious chair - Francisco Suárez — related_to → Jesuits: religious order to which Francisco Suárez belonged - Francisco Suárez — related_to → Francisco de Vitoria: founding figure of the School of Salamanca - Francisco Suárez — related_to → Luis de Molina: contemporary Jesuit theologian and fellow scholastic - Francisco Suárez — related_to → Thomas Aquinas: primary theological and philosophical influence on Suárez - Francisco Suárez — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual movement that defined Suárez's academic context - University of Salamanca — related_to → Christopher Columbus: Subject of the university's academic review process - University of Salamanca — related_to → Isabella I of Castile: Royal patron and supporter of the university's development - University of Salamanca — related_to → Gregorian calendar: Scientific contribution by the university's scholars - University of Salamanca — related_to → Gramática de la lengua castellana: Key academic work produced by a university faculty member - University of Salamanca — related_to → Treaty of Tordesillas: Context for the university's role in colonial legal and moral debates - University of Salamanca — related_to → Francisco de Vitoria University: Key professor who established the university's international law tradit... - University of Salamanca — related_to → Renaissance humanism: Intellectual foundation of the university's Renaissance curriculum - University of Salamanca — related_to → Dominican Order: Religious order that dominated the university's theological faculty - University of Salamanca — related_to → Martín de Azpilcueta: Economist and professor who developed early monetary theory at the univ... - Money supply — related_to → Deflation: a condition often caused by a contraction in money supply - Money supply — related_to → Money multiplier: the ratio relating the monetary base to the total money supply - Money supply — related_to → Fractional-reserve banking: the process through which commercial banks expand money supply - Money supply — related_to → Open market operation: a primary mechanism for controlling money supply - Money supply — related_to → Fiat money: the primary form of money in modern supply - Money supply — related_to → Federal Reserve: the institution responsible for managing the U.S. money supply - Money supply — related_to → Martín de Azpilcueta: an early thinker who linked money supply to price changes - Money supply — related_to → Monetarism: an economic school emphasizing the importance of money supply - Money supply — related_to → Equation of exchange: the mathematical expression of the quantity theory of money - Money supply — related_to → Quantity theory of money: the theoretical framework linking money supply to price levels - Price revolution — related_to → Bimetallism: monetary system affected by silver influx - Price revolution — related_to → Mercantilism: broader economic framework of the period - Price revolution — related_to → Debasement: contributing factor to monetary instability - Price revolution — related_to → Bullionism: economic policy context for the era - Price revolution — related_to → Potosí: source of the silver causing inflation - Price revolution — related_to → Spanish treasure fleet: primary driver of the bullion influx - Price revolution — related_to → Money supply: the primary variable affected by silver imports - Price revolution — related_to → Inflation: the core economic phenomenon described - Price revolution — related_to → Quantity theory of money: theoretical framework explaining the event - Price revolution — related_to → School of Salamanca: intellectual center for early monetary theory - Martín de Azpilcueta — related_to → Kingdom of Navarre: geographic and cultural origin - Martín de Azpilcueta — related_to → Canon law: primary professional field of study - Martín de Azpilcueta — related_to → Usury: theological and legal subject of analysis - Martín de Azpilcueta — related_to → Scholasticism: intellectual framework for his economic thought - Martín de Azpilcueta — related_to → Council of Trent: ecclesiastical event influenced by his work - Martín de Azpilcueta — related_to → Price revolution: historical context for economic theories - Martín de Azpilcueta — related_to → Domingo de Soto: contemporary scholar and peer - Second scholasticism — related_to → Renaissance humanism: Intellectual context of the revival - Second scholasticism — related_to → Thomas Aquinas: Primary intellectual source for the revival - Second scholasticism — related_to → Peter of Spain: Historical influence on scholastic logic - Second scholasticism — related_to → Gabriel Vásquez: Prominent representative of the Second Scholasticism - Second scholasticism — related_to → Francisco Suárez: Key figure of the Second Scholasticism - Second scholasticism — related_to → Jesuits: Institutional driver of the revival - Second scholasticism — related_to → Free will: Central subject of inquiry - Second scholasticism — related_to → Counter-Reformation: Historical context of the revival - Second scholasticism — related_to → Molinism: Theological product of the movement - Second scholasticism — related_to → Aristotelianism: Philosophical foundation - Thomism — related_to → Jacques Maritain: influential 20th-century proponent of Thomism - Thomism — related_to → Five Ways (Aquinas): canonical arguments for God's existence in Thomism - Thomism — related_to → Scholasticism: broader intellectual tradition containing Thomism - Thomism — related_to → Aeterni Patris: papal encyclical mandating the study of Thomism - Thomism — related_to → Neo-scholasticism: modern revival and adaptation of Thomism - Thomism — related_to → Summa Theologica: primary foundational text of Thomistic thought - Thomism — related_to → Dominican Order: institutional home and primary proponents of Thomism - Thomism — related_to → Aristotelianism: philosophical foundation for Thomistic metaphysics - Thomism — related_to → Natural law: central ethical framework within Thomism - Thomism — related_to → Second scholasticism: historical period of Thomistic renewal - Molinism — related_to → Divine providence: Theological framework for God's governance - Molinism — related_to → Counter-Reformation: Historical context for the Molinist controversy - Molinism — related_to → Counterfactual conditional: Logical basis for Molinist middle knowledge - Molinism — related_to → Free will: Theological capacity preserved by Molinist theory - Molinism — related_to → Thomism: Theological tradition challenged by Molinism - Molinism — related_to → Dominican Order: Religious order that opposed Molinism - Molinism — related_to → Jesuits: Religious order that championed Molinism - Molinism — related_to → Congregatio de Auxiliis: Formal ecclesiastical debate regarding Molinism - Monetarism — related_to → Federal Reserve: primary institution criticized by monetarists for its historical policy... - Monetarism — related_to → Central bank: institutional actor responsible for implementing monetarist policy reco... - Monetarism — related_to → Monetary policy: core mechanism of economic control advocated by monetarists - Monetarism — related_to → Keynesian economics: primary intellectual rival and target of monetarist critique - Monetarism — related_to → Equation of exchange: mathematical identity used to formalize the quantity theory of money - Monetarism — related_to → Inflation: central economic problem addressed by monetarist policy - Monetarism — related_to → Chicago school of economics: academic home and institutional base for the development of monetarism - Monetarism — related_to → Milton Friedman: leading intellectual figure and primary proponent of monetarism - Velocity of money — related_to → Hyperinflation: extreme case of velocity acceleration - Velocity of money — related_to → Digital currency: modern factor affecting money velocity - Velocity of money — related_to → Demand for money: functional driver of money velocity - Velocity of money — related_to → John Maynard Keynes: critic of the stability of velocity - Velocity of money — related_to → Liquidity preference: determinant of money demand and velocity - Velocity of money — related_to → Simon Newcomb: early contributor to the concept of velocity - Velocity of money — related_to → Gross domestic product: denominator in velocity calculations - Velocity of money — related_to → Money supply: component of the equation of exchange - Velocity of money — related_to → Milton Friedman: proponent of the stability of velocity - Velocity of money — related_to → Inflation: consequence of velocity changes - Velocity of money — related_to → Monetarism: school of thought emphasizing stable velocity - Velocity of money — related_to → Irving Fisher: formalizer of the velocity concept - Velocity of money — related_to → Equation of exchange: mathematical definition of velocity - Luis de Molina — related_to → University of Coimbra: academic institution where Luis de Molina taught - Luis de Molina — related_to → Subjective theory of value: economic concept anticipated by Luis de Molina - Luis de Molina — related_to → Congregatio de Auxiliis: theological controversy involving Luis de Molina - Luis de Molina — related_to → Jesuits: religious order to which Luis de Molina belonged - Luis de Molina — related_to → Molinism: theological system developed by Luis de Molina - Luis de Molina — related_to → Second scholasticism: intellectual movement that shaped Luis de Molina - Luis de Molina — related_to → Dominican Order: theological rival to Luis de Molina's Jesuit order - Luis de Molina — related_to → Martín de Azpilcueta: predecessor in the School of Salamanca - Luis de Molina — related_to → Price revolution: economic context for Luis de Molina's writings - Domingo de Soto — related_to → Price revolution: economic phenomenon analyzed - Domingo de Soto — related_to → Aristotelianism: philosophical foundation - Domingo de Soto — related_to → Valladolid debate: intellectual context for human rights - Domingo de Soto — related_to → Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor: imperial confessor and advisor - Domingo de Soto — related_to → Council of Trent: theological participant and advisor - Domingo de Soto — related_to → Natural law: primary subject of philosophical inquiry - Domingo de Soto — related_to → Dominican Order: religious order affiliation - Domingo de Soto — related_to → University of Salamanca: academic home and teaching institution - Domingo de Soto — related_to → Quantity theory of money: early developer of the theory - Domingo de Soto — related_to → Francisco de Vitoria: mentor and intellectual predecessor - Quantity theory of money — related_to → Inflation: phenomenon explained by the quantity theory - Quantity theory of money — related_to → Chicago school of economics: institutional home of the theory's revival - Quantity theory of money — related_to → Neutrality of money: theoretical implication of the quantity theory - Quantity theory of money — related_to → Velocity of money: key variable in the quantity theory - Quantity theory of money — related_to → Milton Friedman: reviver of the theory in modern economics - Quantity theory of money — related_to → Irving Fisher: popularizer of the theory in the 20th century - Quantity theory of money — related_to → Monetarism: modern school of thought based on the theory - Quantity theory of money — related_to → Equation of exchange: mathematical expression of the quantity theory - Quantity theory of money — related_to → Martín de Azpilcueta: early contributor to the theory - School of Salamanca — related_to → Natural law: central philosophical concept of the School's legal theory - School of Salamanca — related_to → Domingo de Soto: key theologian and contributor to the School's methodology - School of Salamanca — related_to → Second scholasticism: broader historical and philosophical movement - School of Salamanca — related_to → Quantity theory of money: economic theory pioneered by School members - School of Salamanca — related_to → Sublimis Deus: papal bull influenced by the School's human rights discourse - School of Salamanca — related_to → Conimbricenses: intellectual successor and contemporary Jesuit counterpart - School of Salamanca — related_to → Luis de Molina: Theologian and contributor to economic thought - School of Salamanca — related_to → Martín de Azpilcueta: Key contributor to monetary theory - School of Salamanca — related_to → University of Salamanca: Primary academic institution of the movement - School of Salamanca — related_to → Dominican Order: Institutional home and academic environment - School of Salamanca — related_to → Just war theory: Legal framework developed by the school - School of Salamanca — related_to → Thomism: Philosophical and theological foundation of the movement - School of Salamanca — related_to → Francisco de Vitoria: Founding intellectual figure and primary pedagogical influence